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US Public Health Service Fluoridation began based on a dental survey in the 1930s, but the data was later debunked, showing NO relationship between fluoride in water and tooth decay in children. The original rationale for artificial water fluoridation was based on a survey in the 1930s of 21 cities in four states by H. Trendley Dean, a PHS dentist. Based on his "hunch" that fluoride prevented dental caries, Dean presented data suggesting that fluoride naturally in local water supplies apparently correlated with fewer cavities in children. Dean's findings were much criticized for their scientific method but became the foundation for justifying the implementation of artificial water fluoridation in 1945. Dean later admitted under oath that his studies in those 21 cities did not even meet his own criteria. [Bryson C. The Fluoride Deception. Seven Stories Press. 2004. Chapter 3, notes 74,75.] In 1981, the Austrian statistician Rudolph Ziegelbecker analyzed all of Dean's studies (Dean had omitted data from 26 states) plus all other published studies involving rates of dental caries in areas where the drinking water contained natural fluoride. The research involved more than 48,000 examined children in North America and Europe. The data showed that fluoride in water was not associated with less cavities: "The prevalence of dental caries in children aged 12 to 14 from 136 communities with drinking water containing 0.15–5.8 ppm fluoride shows no relationship with the concentration of fluoride naturally in drinking water." Today there is no evidence of any better oral health in the eight million Americans the CDC said are served by community water systems that have "sufficient naturally occurring fluoride concentrations." [CDC 2008] On the other hand, Dean was correct about increased dental fluorosis, as Ziegelbecker's analysis confirmed: "It is evident that the incidence of 'mottled enamel' is positively correlated with the concentration of natural fluoride in drinking water." From 1986 to 2004, the prevalence of mild dental fluorosis in US adolescents (aged 12–15) more than doubled, from 4.1% to 8.6%. Moderate and severe dental fluorosis nearly tripled. [CDC 2010] From 2004 to 2012, large increases in severity and prevalence were found. Total fluorosis prevalence increased from 41% to 65%. The rate of combined moderate and severe degrees increased the most, from 3.7% to 30.4%. [Neurath et al. 2012] "Dental fluorosis, no matter how slight, is an irreversible pathological condition recognized by authorities around the world as the first readily detectable clinical symptom of previous chronic fluoride poisoning. To suggest we should ignore such a sign is as irrational as saying that the blue-black line which appears on the gums due to chronic lead poisoning is of no significance because it doesn't cause any pain or discomfort." – New Scientist (1983) More Fluoride is Absorbed from Artificially Fluoridated Water The degree of absorption of any fluoride compound after ingestion is correlated with its solubility. The readily water-soluble industrial fluorides (sodium fluoride, sodium silicofluoride, fluorosilicic acid) used to artificially fluoridate drinking water are rapidly and almost completely absorbed, in contrast to low-soluble natural compounds such as calcium fluoride. The fluoride that is absorbed into the bloodstream arises chiefly from public water supplies. [European Food Safety Authority 2013, Sauerheber 2013] "The solubility of fluoride compound to which the animal is exposed correlates with the extent of severity of toxicosis." – Merck Manual Ultimately, the fluoride ion is the culprit. Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry "Toxicological profile for fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine" (2003): "The fluoride ion is the toxicologically active agent." (p. 29) "Some existing data indicate that subsets of the population may be unusually susceptible to the toxic effects of fluoride and its compounds. These populations include the elderly, people with osteoporosis, people with deficiencies of calcium, magnesium, vitamin C, and/or protein, and people with kidney* problems." (p. 162) Americans who are unusually susceptible to fluoride's toxic effects far outnumber children, the primary the target of fluoridation. Also at "Greater Risk" are Pregnant Women: Safe Drinking Water Act The EPA determined that fluoride is a "developmental neurotoxicant" and regulates fluoride as a "contaminant" in drinking water. *Death rates from kidney disease are 26% higher in the 10 most compared to the 10 least fluoridated states. Fluoridated water's multiple correlations with life decay make a far more compelling case to halt fluoridation, than its single correlation with tooth decay did to start fluoridation in 1945.