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For a quarter century, it's been known that the fluoride concentration in amniotic fluid is significantly higher, when a mother consumes 1.25 mg of fluoride per day.* Yet health authorities have continued to advise pregnant women to consume more than twice that amount of fluoride every day! April 2020. A study of pregnant women from 47 communities in California found: "Amniotic fluid fluoride concentrations were significantly higher in pregnant women living in communities adhering to the U.S. recommended water fluoride concentration (0.7 mg/L), as compared with communities with less than 0.7 mg/L fluoride in drinking water." [UC San Francisco] Fluoridated Amniotic Fluid Fluoride's antibacterial effects in the fetal GI tract may affect neurological and immunological development. Contaminating Our Most Precious Bodily Fluid When a baby in the womb swallows fluoride in amniotic fluid (up to 15 oz per day), this not only increases fluoride levels in it's bloodstream, but fluoride's antibacterial effects are a serious concern for the developing microbiome: by disrupting colonization and composition of bacteria in the fetal GI tract. Fluoride Weakens Bacterial Adhesion Forces In 2013, a key antimicrobial mechanism of fluoride was identified by researchers in experimental physics at Saarland University in Germany. Using artificial tooth surfaces (hydroxyapatite pellets), they tested fluoride's effect on the adhesion forces of cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus oralis) and a non-pathogenic bacterium (Staphylococcus carnosus). After exposure to fluoride, atomic force microscopy revealed that all three bacteria species exhibited lower adhesion forces. Because fluoride makes bacteria less able to stick to teeth, decay-causing microorganisms are more easily washed away by saliva or brushing. The researchers said, "Fluoride appears to weaken bacterial adhesion forces in general." Reduced adhesion of oral bacteria on hydroxyapatite by fluoride treatment – Loskill et al. (2013) Langmuir Weiss J. After 50 years scientists gain clues how fluoride actually protects teeth – Weiss (2013) Medical Daily As explored in Pregnancy and Fluoride Do Not Mix, weakened bacterial adhesion forces may affect the colonization and composition of bacteria in the fetal GI tract, and consequently, neurological and immunological development. In fact, a primary reason why pregnant women are encouraged to consume fluoridated water is to help "delay colonisation of the infant oral cavity by cariogenic bacteria," as noted on page 54 of a major review by New Zealand's Chief Science Advisor: Health Effects of Water Fluoridation: a Review of the Scientific Evidence (2014). "Half the Truth is often a great Lie." – Benjamin Franklin (Poor Richard's Almanack, July 1758) Half the truth: "The effect of maternal intake on fluoride concentration in the amniotic fluid and fetal blood does not vary between intakes of 0.25 and 1.0 mg/day.[57]" – New Zealand's Chief Science Advisor (page 29) This is a great lie, because the other half of the truth in reference 57 was omitted: "The F- concentration in amniotic fluid of the 1.25 mg/day group was, however, significantly higher than in all the other groups." – Brambilla et al.* In the preceding paragraph, the Chief Science Officer tells pregnant women to consume 3 mg of fluoride per day! *Brambilla et al. (1994) Oral administration of fluoride in pregnant women, and the relation between concentration in maternal plasma and in amniotic fluid. Archives of Oral Biology. The Prenatal Microbiome: A New Player for Human Health (December 2018) "For about a century, it has been assumed that the fetus is sterile and that microbes colonize the newborn immediately during birth... Recent studies have shown that microbes colonize the amniotic fluid, the umbilical blood cord, and the placenta, suggesting that a maternal microbial colonization of the fetus may already begin in utero... Not only do microbes colonize the fetus before birth, but that they may also play a role into the physiological development of the fetus... Also in the predisposition to diseases that may develop later in life... "Indeed, maternal microbial communities, including prenatal gut, vaginal, oral, and skin microbiomes, undergo pronounced changes during pregnancy that may affect healthy status maintenance and contribute to the development of common diseases. To date, a microbial dysbiosis of the infant gut has been associated to the development of asthma, allergic diseases, and obesity. Thus, considering that it has been established that the fetus does not stay in a sterile environment and that the microbial colonization begins in utero, factors that are able to influence this first colonization may impact on newborn's future health." A team of US researchers recently published further data that "demonstrate a dynamic, viable mammalian fetal microbiota during in utero development." [Younge et al. Oct. 2019]