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MicrobioMe and You "The Prenatal Microbiome: A New Player for Human Health" December 2018: The Task Force on Microbiome Studies at the University of Naples in Italy reported that not only do microbes colonize the fetus before birth, but that they may also play a role into the physiological development of the fetus and in the predisposition to diseases that may develop later in life: "For about a century, it has been assumed that the fetus is sterile and that microbes colonize the newborn immediately during birth... Recent studies have shown that microbes colonize the amniotic fluid, the umbilical blood cord, and the placenta, suggesting that a maternal microbial colonization of the fetus may already begin in utero." "Indeed, maternal microbial communities, including prenatal gut, vaginal, oral, and skin microbiomes, undergo pronounced changes during pregnancy that may affect healthy status maintenance and contribute to the development of common diseases. To date, a microbial dysbiosis of the infant gut has been associated to the development of asthma, allergic diseases, and obesity... "Thus, considering that it has been established that... the microbial colonization begins in utero, factors that are able to influence this first colonization may impact on newborn's future health." – Valeria D'Argenio A primary reason why pregnant women are encouraged to consume fluoridated water is to help "delay colonization of the infant oral cavity by cariogenic bacteria," as noted on page 54 of a major review by New Zealand's Chief Science Advisor: Health Effects of Water Fluoridation: a Review of the Scientific Evidence (2014). October 2019: A team of U.S. researchers published further evidence that challenges the old belief that the fetus develops in a sterile environment. Their research with humans and mice "demonstrate a dynamic, viable mammalian fetal microbiota during in utero development... The fetus is exposed to bacterial DNA throughout mid-gestation and late gestation." – Younge et al. Mid-gestation is when a fetus begins swallowing fluoride in amniotic fluid, which passes through its digestive system and kidneys, is excreted as urine, then swallowed again. Don't Gamble with Your Children's Health Mothers-to-be should avoid consumption of fluoride in tap water, bottled water, and beverages made in fluoridated cities – especially if they have dental fluorosis, the visible evidence of their genetic susceptibility to fluoride's systemic toxicity. Health of Maternal Microbiome Determines Autism Risk July 2018: University of Virginia researchers found that a child's risk of developing autistic and other neurodevelopmental disorders is reduced when a pregnant woman has a healthy equilibrium of the diverse microorganisms in her gut. Lead researcher John Lukens, PhD, said it is really important to figure out how to modulate a mother's microbiome as "effectively and safely as we can," and that this can be easily done by modifying her diet. Lukens also suggested that a way to prevent autism disorders is to block an inflammatory immune system molecule (IL-17a) but admitted that this pharmaceutical approach has a very high risk of side effects. Press Release • Journal of Immunology Fluoride Increases IL-17 In mice chronically exposed to sodium fluoride, pathways related to IL-17 are over-expressed. IL-17A can cause excessive tissue damage and exacerbate proinflammatory responses during autoimmunity. [Huo M. et al, 2016] When rats were administered a human-equivalent dose of fluoride for 75 days, tissue inflammation and expression of IL-17 were significantly higher. [Quadri et al. 2018] Fluoride impairs liver function by activating the IL-17 signaling pathway. [Zhao et al. 2018] An excess of IL-17 is found in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and plaque psoriasis – and decreasing IL-17 is the drug rationale for these widespread diseases. "Gut microbiome diversity is inversely associated with arterial stiffness in women." [Menni et al. 2018] Arterial stiffness is one of fluoride's pathological mechanisms documented in: "Fluoride and Mental Decay: Causation & Correlation": Published in the October 2019 Townsend Letter